In the past, they extracted turquoise from Sinai, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, rubies from India, and pearls from the Persian Gulf.

And coral from the Red Sea.

And it was [Sheeba] In the lands of Yemen, pots, drinking utensils and doors are studded with ivory, gold, silver and precious stones

Likewise the kings of [Foreboding] And[GhassanidTake care of precious stones

As for [Palmyra KingdomThe link between [Roman Empire] China and India are the meeting place for commercial caravans

Historians mention that the most precious gems and stones adorned the monument of the Temple of the Sun in Palmyra

And the precious stones reached the heart of the Arabian Peninsula during the days of ignorance, and the idols were made of red agate

As for the early Muslims, they turned away from jewels and precious stones, despite what was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an to simulate the poplar (as if they were rubies and coral)

They feared that the trance of the world would distract them from religious duty and jihad for the sake of God

But at a time [The UmayyadsThe interest in precious stones turned into a kind of extravagance and extravagance, as they set their utensils with precious stones

Their women and slaves exaggerated their adornment with necklaces, jewelry, jewels and precious stones

Historians agree that the market for gems and precious stones reached its peak days [The Abbasids[Especially in the succession]Harun Al RasheedThen his son Al-Mamoun

Harun al-Rashid bought a red ruby ​​“clove” known as “The Mountain” for forty thousand dinars, and his name was inscribed on it

As for Zubaydah, the Caliph's husband, she did not purchase cutlery that was not made of gold and silver and was encrusted with precious stones.

"Aliya" Bint Al-Mahdi, the sister of Al-Rasheed to his father, was one of the most beautiful women, had it not been for a defect in her forehead, so she took headbands embroidered with stones and jewels.

To cover the defect in her forehead, so all women wore headbands, and she became a new outfit in her era

And my neighbor [The FatimidsThe Abbasids were in luxury, so they had houses to store precious stones

In the closet of Al-Mustansir Billah, there was a peacock made of gold studded with precious stones, with red ruby ​​eyes

He had a deer inlaid with pearls and precious stones, and a palm of gold crowned with precious stones

So did the kings of [Andalus] it was [Osman Koran] in a [Cordoba Mosque] Studded with jewels and precious stones

Al-Mu'tamid Al-Andalus used to place in his council statues of amber (amber) and a camel made of crystal with two eyes made of sapphire, adorned with precious pearls.

This fondness for precious stones is coupled with scientific interest and references indicate that scientists have written books on gemstones

Including the Umayyad chemist [Jaber bin HayyanHe wrote a book on precious stones

And[AristotleBooks on precious stones, and essential books on precious stones

It is estimated that the Arabs have written more than fifty books on gems and gemstones

But the books that have reached our age, verified and published, are only three books:

• [The masses know the essences] ([Al-Biruni(440 AH)
• Blossoms of thoughts in jewels stones ([Altivashi(691 AH)
• Toast ammunition in the conditions of jewels ([Ibn al-Akfani[749 AH)

in a [Fourteenth century] The country of Egypt was famous for being a mine of emeralds. Emeralds were found in far away, dark caves that they entered with lamps and ropes.

They dig for it and find it in the middle of the stones.Al-MasoudiDetails about emeralds in the countryBejaIn Egypt he says that emeralds are found in Upper Egypt

And that the "Beja" tribes protect the area and take "Itawa" from those searching for emeralds

Al-Masoudi mentioned that emeralds are of four types:

• The first is known as bitter emerald and it is the finest and most expensive of them and it is very green without defects or blackness
• The second is the Bahri because the kings of the sea (India, Sind and China) desire it and use it with their crowns
• The third is Moroccan because the kings of Andalusia, Morocco and Europe prefer him and are competing to acquire it
• The fourth is deaf, which is pale green of very poor quality